Within the documentation and code implementation of ECDM models, we have opted to adopt certain notational conventions. The hope of consistent notation is to provide a base vocabulary to communicate about the ECDM models.

Variables

We adopt the following structure for variable naming.

  • \(N\) being the number of subjects.
  • \(J\) being the number of items.
  • \(K\) being the number of attributes.
  • \(s\) represents the slipping
  • \(g\) represents the guessing

To access values, we use the following indices setup:

  • Subjects: \(i = 1, \ldots, N\)
  • Items: \(j = 1, \ldots, J\)
  • Attributes: \(k = 1,\ldots, K\)
  • Time points: \(t = 1,\ldots, T\)

Response Matrix

The item matrix that contains dichotomous random variables corresponding to whether the answer was correct or incorrect is denoted by:

\[\mathbf{Y} = {\left( {{\mathbf{Y}_1}, \cdots ,{\mathbf{Y}_N}} \right)^T}_{N \times J}\]

Referencing a single observation from \(J\)-dimensional vector of binary responses for individual \(i\) is given by:

\[\mathbf{Y}_i = \left( {Y_{i1}, \cdots , Y_{iJ} }\right)_{J \times 1}^T\]

\(\mathbf Q\) Matrix

The \(\mathbf Q\) matrix provides the item to attribute mapping of the items on the assessment. We denote \(\bf Q\) as:

\[\mathbf{Q} =\left(q_{j1},\dots, q_{iK}\right)^T_{J \times K}\] where \(q_{jk}=1\) indicates that attribute \(k\) is required to answer item \(j\) and zero otherwise.

Attribute Matrix

\[\mathbf{\alpha}_i=\left(\alpha_{i1},\dots,\alpha_{iK}\right)^T_{2^K \times 1}\]

where \(\alpha_{ik}=1\) states that subject \(i\) has attribute \(k\).

The presence of \(\boldsymbol a_c\in \left\{0,1\right\}^K\) indicates a value of \(2^K\).

\(\eta\) Matrix

\[\eta_{ij}=\mathcal {I} \left( \alpha_{ik}\geq q_{jk} \text{ for all $k$}\right)=\mathcal {I} \left(\mathbf{\alpha}_i'\mathbf{q}_j=\mathbf{q}_j'\mathbf{q}_j\right)\]

Guessing and Slipping

  • \(g_j\) represents guessing or the probability of correctly answering item \(j\) when at least one attribute is lacking, e.g. \(g_j=P\left(Y_{ij}=1|\eta_{ij}=0\right)\)
  • \(s_j\) represents slipping or the probability of an incorrect response for individuals with all of the required attributes, e.g. \(s_j=P\left(Y_{ij}=0|\eta_{ij}=1\right)\).

Model Selection

DIC

\(DIC = -2\left({\log p\left( {\mathbf{y}| \mathbf{\hat{\theta}} } \right) - 2\left( {\log p\left( {\mathbf{y}| \mathbf{\hat{\theta}} } \right) - \frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{n = 1}^N {\log p\left( {\mathbf{y}|{\mathbf{\theta} _s}} \right)} } \right)} \right)\)